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How to teach pronunciation? Phonology is the system of contrastive relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language. Intonation is variation in spoken pitch when used, not for distinguishing words as sememes (a concept known as tone), but, rather, for a range of other functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction. Intonation can be difficult for students, as it varies and can be difficult to describe. Stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence. This emphasis is typically caused by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in pitch. Phonetic transcription (also known as the phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Students can be taught intonation and stress by extensive reading and listening exercises, imitation, using gestures, singing, choral work, stress marks etc. A good exercise can be reading out the same sentence with different intonations and stressing different words and asking students how to the meaning changes every time.
